Pandey's tutorials: Class 10 - Physics Notes (LIGHT)

Light is a form of energy, which gives us the power of vision.

In this chapter we will study the phenomena of reflection and refraction using the property of light i.e. straight line propagation (Light wave travel from one point to another, along a straight line).

Basic definition

Ray of light : It is a line in the direction of movement of light.

Beam of light : It is bunch of rays of light.

Light Ray, Light Beam and its different types - JEE PHYSICS FOR YOU Parallel beam : All the rays are parallel.
Reflection of Light

What Is Rectilinear Propagation Of Light - A Plus Topper When The light is allowed to fall on highly polished surface, such as mirror, most of the light gets reflected.

Laws of Reflection
1. The angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection.

$\angle i\; = \;\angle r$

2. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.

Image formed by Plane Mirror (Plane reflecting surface)

1. Virtual (imaginary) & Erect : The image that do not form on screen.
Real images can be recorded on the screen.

2. Laterally inverted (The left side of object appear on right side of image)

3. The size of image is equal to that of object.

4. The image formed is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.

Reflection of light by spherical Mirrors
Mirrors, whose reflecting surface are curved inward or outward spherically are called spherical mirror.
For example – Spoon $\to$ The curved surface of shinning spoon can be considered as curved mirror.

If it is curved inward $\xrightarrow{{}}$ Act as concave mirror

If it is curved outward $\xrightarrow{{}}$ Act as a convex mirror.
Few Basic terms related to Spherial Mirror

Principal axis : Line joining the pole and centre of curvature of the spherical mirror.
Pole : The geometrical central point of the reflecting spherical surface. (aperture), denoted by (P).
Aperture : The width of reflecting spherical surface.
Centre of curvature : The centre of the hollow glass sphere of which the spherical mirror is a part is called as centre of curvature.
Radius of curvature : The distance between the pole and the centre of curvature. i.e.
PC = R or The radius of the hollow sphere of which the mirror is a part.
Focus point : The point on the principal axis, where all parallel rays meet after reflection is called as Principal Focus or Focus. It is denoted by letter ‘F’.
Focal length : The distance between the pole and focus point i.e. PF = f
Relationship between focal length and Radius of curvature -------> f = R/2 * Image Formation by Spherical Mirror

Before we learn the formation of image or ray diagram,

let us go through few tips

(a) Remember, a ray of light which is parallel to principle axis always pass through focus (meet at focus) or vice-versa.

(b) A ray of light which passes through centre of curvature (it is also known as normal at the point of incidence on spherical mirror) will retrace their path after reflection.

(c) A ray of light falling on pole get reflected at the same angle on the other side of principal axis.

Note : A ray of light passes through centre of curvature of reflecting spherical surface always act as normal at the point of incidence. If we know the normal we can draw angle of incidence and angle of reflection

Note 1 : The image will only form when two or more rays meets at a point. Image formation by a concave mirror for different position of the object.

Image Formation by Concave Mirror

Image formation by Convex Mirror

$\frac{{Position\;of\;\operatorname{Im} age}}{{At\;focus}}$ $\;\;\frac{{Size\;of\;\operatorname{Im} age}}{{Highly\;\dim inished}}$ $\;\;\frac{{Nature}}{{Virtual\;\& \;erect}}$

$\;\;\frac{{Position\;of\;\operatorname{Im} age}}{{Between\;P\;\& \;F}}$ $\;\;\frac{{Size\;of\;\operatorname{Im} age}}{{Very\;small}}$ $\;\;\frac{{Nature}}{{Virtual\;\& \;erect}}$
Uses of Concave Mirror
1 Used in torches, search light and headlight of vehicle.
2. Used to see large image of face as shaving mirror
3. Used by dentist to see large images of the teeth
4. Large concave mirror used to focus sunlight (heat) in solar furnaces.

Uses of Convex Mirror
Used as rear-view mirror in vehicles because it gives erect image. Italso helps the driver to view large area.
Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirror

The object is always placed to the left side of mirror.
All distance should be measured from pole (P); parallel to principal axis.
Take ‘P’ as origin. Distances measured

Right of the origin (+x-Axis) are taken positive
Left of the origin (–x-Axis) are taken negative
Perpendicular to and above principal axis (+y-Axis) are taken positive
Perpendicular to and below principal axis (–y-Axis) are taken negative

Mirror Formula

$\frac{1}{f}\; = \;\frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}$

f $\xrightarrow{{}}$ distance between F and Pole
v $\xrightarrow{{}}$ distance of image from Pole
u $\xrightarrow{{}}$ distance of object from Pole
R $\xrightarrow{{}}$ distance between centre of curvature and pole.
Where $f\; = \frac{R}{2}$
Magnification
It is expressed as the ratio of the height of the image to height of the object.
$m = \frac{{height\;of\;image}}{{height\;of\;object}}\; = \;\frac{{{h^1}}}{h}\; - - - \;(1)$
$m = \frac{{ - v}}{u}\;\; - - - \;(2)$
$\therefore$ From 1 and 2 equation
$m\; = \;\frac{{{h^1}}}{h} = \frac{{ - v}}{u}$ When ${h^1} \to$ image height from principle axis.
${h^1}$ $\to$ Object height from principle axis

Few tips to remember sign convention for Spherical mirror

	f	u	v
CONCAVE	-ve(real)	-ve(real)	-ve(real) +ve(virtual)
CONVEX	+ve	+ve	+ve

h – is always +ve
h´ – is +ve for virtual , –ve for Real.
Refraction of Light
Refraction of Light : Happens in Transparent medium when a light travels from one medium to another, refraction takes place.
A ray of light bends as it moves from one medium to another Refraction is due to change in the speed of light as it enters from one transparent medium to another.

Speed of light decreases as the beam of light travel from rarer medium to the denser medium.

Some Commonly observed phenomenon due to Refraction

Your eyes.
Rainbows.
Light bending in a glass of water.
Glasses.
Camera lenses.
Object dislocation in water.
Binoculars..

Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab

When a incident ray of light AO passes from a rarer medium (air) to a denser medium (glass) at point. O on interface KL, it will bends towards the normal. At ptO1, on interface NM the light ray entered from denser medium(glass) to rarer medium (air) here the light ray will bend away from normal OO1 is a refracted ray O $_1$ B is an emergent ray. If the incident ray is extended to C, we will observe that emergent ray O1B I parallel to incident ray. The ray will slightly displaced laterally after refraction.
Note : When a ray of light is incident normally to the interface of two media it will go straight, without any deviation.
Laws of Refraction of Light

The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.

The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant i.e.
$\frac{{Sin\;i}}{{Sin\;r}}\; = \;cons\tan t\;(r)$

For given colour and pair of media, this law is also known as Snell’s Law
Constant n is the refractive index for a given pair of medium. It is the refractive index of the second medium with repect to first medium.

Refractive Index
The refractive index of glass with respect to air is given by ratio of speed of light in air to the speed of light in glass.
${n_{ga}} = \frac{{speed\;of\;light\;of\;air}}{{speed\;oflight\;in\;glass}} = \frac{c}{v}$
c $\to \;$ Speed of light in vacuum = $3 \times {10^8}\;m/s$ speed of light in air is marginally less, compared to that in vacuum.
Refractive index of air with respect to glass is given by
$\left( \begin{gathered} a \to air \\ g \to glass \end{gathered} \right)\;{n_{ag}} = \frac{{Speed\;of\;light\;in\;glass}}{{Speed\;of\;light\;in\;air}}\; = \frac{v}{c}$
Refractive index of water $({n_w}) = 1.33$
Refractive index of water $({n_g}) = 1.52$
Spherical Lens
A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are spherical, forms a lens.
Convex lens Concave lens
1. Bulging outwards 1. Bulging inwards.
2. Converging lens. 2. Diverging lens.

Concave Lens
A lens bounded by two spherical surfaces, curved inwards is known asdouble concave lens (or simply concave lens)
It is also known as diverging lens because it diverges the light.

Few Basic Terms Related to Spherical Lens

1. Centre of curvature : A lens, either a convex lens or a concave lens is combination of two spherical surfaces. Each of these surfaces forma part of sphere. The centre of these two spheres are called centre of curvature represented by C1 and C2.
2. Principal axis :Imaginary straight line passing through the two centres of curvature
3. Optical Centre : The central point of lens is its optical centre (O). A ray of light, when passes through ‘O’ it remains undeviated i.e. it goes straight.
4. Aperture : The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens.
5. Focus of lens : Beam of light parallel to principal axis, after refraction from
1. Convex lens, converge to the point on principal axis, denoted by F, known as Principal focus

2. Concave lens, appear to diverge from a point on the principal axis known as principal focus.

The distance OF2 and OF1 is called as focal length
Tips for Draw a Ray Diagram

After refraction, a ray parallel to principal axis will pass through F.
A ray passes through F, after refraction will emerge parallel to principal axis

Image formation by a convex lens for various position of object

Image Formation by Concave Lens

Sign Convention for Refraction by Spherical Lens
Similar to that of spherical mirror, only the difference is that all themeasurement are made from optical centre ‘O’

Lens formula

Magnification
It is defined as the ratio of the height of image to the height of object.
$m = \frac{{height\;of\;image}}{{height\;of\;object}}\; = \frac{{{h^1}}}{h} = (1)\left. {} \right\}\frac{{{h_1} - image\;height\;from\;principal\;axis}}{{h - object\;height\;from\;principal\;axix}}$
It is also related to ‘u’ & ‘v’
$m = \frac{v}{u}\;\; - (2)$
From equation (1) & (2)
If magnification
m > 1,then image is magnified
m = 1 ,image is of same size
m < 1, image is diminished
Few Tips to Remember Sign Convention for Spherical Lens

	f	u	v
CONCAVE	-ve	-ve	-ve(virtual image always)
CONVEX	+ve	-ve	+ve(real) -ve(virtual)

h is always +ve
h´ –ve for Real and +ve for Virtual &Errect.
Power of Lens
The degree of convergence or divergence of light ray achieved by a lensis known as power of a lens.
It is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length Represented by P.
If F is given in meter, then
$P = \frac{1}{f}$
If F is given in cm , then
$P = \frac{{100}}{f}$
SI unit of power of a lens is “diopter” denoted by ‘D’
I diopter or ID $\to$ It is the power of lens whose focal length is I m

Power of convave lens or diverging lens is always negative

If any optical instrument has many lens, then net power will be