✍ List of PH Values of Different Substances π§ͺ
Substance --------- pH Values
● Pure water ππΏ 7
● Human blood ππΏ 7.35 – 7.45
● Sea water ππΏ 7.5 – 8.4
● Ammonia ππΏ 10.6 to 11.6
● Milk ππΏ 6.5 – 6.7
● Normal rain ππΏ 5.6 to 6
● Acid rain ππΏ 2 to 5.6
● Human urine ππΏ 6
● Black coffee ππΏ 5
●Beers ππΏ 4.5
● Wines ππΏ2.8 to 3.8
● Vinegar ππΏ2.9
● Lemon juice ππΏ2.4
π°Lipidsπ°
(1) Term lipid was coined by Bloor.
(2) These are esters of fatty acids and alcohol.
(3) They are hydrophobic insoluble in water but soluble in benzene, ether and chloroform.
(4) Lipids are classified into three groups:–
(A) Simple lipids: These are the esters of fatty acids and glycerol. Again they are typed as:–
(a) Fats and Oils: (Natural lipids or true fats). These are triglycerides of fatty acid and glycerol. Fats which are liquid at room temperature are called oils. Oils with polyunsaturated fatty acids are called polyunsaturated e.g. sunflower oil, lower blood cholesterol.
(b) Fatty acids: Obtained by hydrolysis of fats. Formic acid is simplest fatty acid (HCOOH). These are of 2 types:–
(i) Saturated fatty acids: The fatty acids which do not have double bond in between carbon atoms.e.g. butyric acid, palmitic acid,hexanoic acid, etc. They have high melting points, solid at room temperature and increase blood cholesterol.
(ii) Unsaturated fatty acids: The fatty acids which have double bonds in carbon atoms. e.g. 8 hexadecanoic acid, 9 octadecanoic acid etc. They have lower melting points mostly found in plant fats, liquid at room temperature and lower the blood cholesterol.
(c) Waxes: These are simple lipids composed of one molecule of long chain fatty acid and long chain monohydric alcohol. Waxes have high melting point, insoluble in water, resistant to atmospheric oxidation, chemically inert and not digested by enzymes. They reduce rate of transpiration by making plant tissue water proof and work as excellent lubricant.
(B) Compound lipids: They contain some additional or element. Group with fatty acid and alcohol on the basis of group they may be of following types:
(a) Phospholipids: These contain phosphoric acid. It helps in transport, metabolism, blood clotting and permeability of cell membrane. It is a bipolar molecule i.e. phosphate containing end is hydrophilic whereas fatty acid molecules represent hydrophobic (non-polar tail).
(b) Glycolipids: These contain nitrogen and carbohydrate beside fatty acids. Generally found in white matter of nervous system. e.g. sesocine frenocin.
(c) Chromolipids : It includes pigmented lipids e.g. carotene.
(d) Aminolipids : Also known as sulpholipids. It contains sulphur and amino acids with fatty acid and glycerol. Cutin and suberin are also compound lipids resistant to water and also provide mechanical support in plants.
(iii) Derived lipids: These are obtained by hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids.
(5) Functions of lipids
(a) Oxidation of lipids yields comparatively more energy in the cell than protein and carbohydrates. 1gm of lipids accounts for 39.1 KJ.
(b) The oil seeds such as groundnut, mustard, coconut store fats to provide nourishment to embryo during germination.
(c) They function as structural constituent i.e. all the membrane systems of the cell are made up of lipoproteins.
(d) Amphipathic lipids are emulsifier.
(e) It works as heat insulator.
(f) Used in synthesis of hormones.
(g) Fats provide solubility to vitamins A, D, E, and K.
❇️Properties of monosaccharide❇️
(a) Monosaccharides are colourless, sweet tasting, solids.
(b) Due to asymmetric carbon, they exist in different isomeric forms. They can rotate polarized light hence they are dextrorotatory and leavorotatory.
(c) D-glucose after reduction gives rise to a mixture of polyhydroxy alcohol, sorbitol or mannitol.
(d) The sugars with a free aldehyde or ketone group reduce Cu++ to Cu+ (cupric to cuprous)
(e) Sugars show oxidation, esterification and fermentation.
(f) The aldehyde or ketone group of a simple sugar can join an alcoholic group of another organic compound bond C-O-C the process involves loss of water and is called condensation (H-O-H) or H+OH → H2O.
MNEMONICS TO LEARN PERIODIC TABLEπ
The first two groups , s-block elements have chemical & Physical properties which are quite similar. Group 1 is known as alkali metals and group 2 known as Alkaline Earth metals.
Alkali Metals: Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Ru), Caesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr).
Mnemonic for Group 1: LiNa Kare Rub Cse Friyaad
Alkaline earth metals: It includes Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Br), and Radium (Ra).
Mnemonic for Group 2: Beta Mange Car Scooter Baap ram Ram.
The P Block Elements
The last six groups of the table consist of the P block element The groups are from 13 to 18. Non-metals, metalloids and poor metals are present in this group.
Also known as Boron group, it includes Boron (B), Aluminium (Al), Gallium (Ga), Indium (In), and Thallium (Tl).
Group 13: B A G I T.
Buffalo And Goat In Tamil
Group 14 :known as Carbon group or the group of Crystallogens, Tetragens or Tetrels. It includes Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Tin (Sn), and Lead (Pb).
Chauhan Sir Gives Standard Problems.
Group 15: known as the Nitrogen group. It includes Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), and Bismuth (Bi).
Nath Prasad Aur Sab Bhikari
Group 16:- of the periodic table is known as the group of of Chalcogens or Oxygen group. It includes Oxygen (O), Sulphur (S), Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), and the radioactive element Polonium (Po).
Omi Shukla Se TePo
Group 17: is known as the group of Halogens. It consist of Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), and Astatine (At).
Fir Call kar Bahaar AayI Aunty.
Group 18 is known as the group of Noble gases, excluding Helium. Normally, they are all odorless and colorless gases with very low chemical reactivity. The group includes Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), and the radioactive Radon (Rn).
Mnemonic for Group 18: He Never Arrived,Kriti Xero Run pe out.
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